単項式基底から Newton 基底への変換
(fps/monomial-basis-to-newton-basis.hpp)

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• Last update: 2026-07-15 18:17:55+09:00
• Include: #include "fps/monomial-basis-to-newton-basis.hpp"

$n-1$ 次以下の多項式 $f(x)$ と列 $p=(p_0,p_1,\dots,p_{n-1})$ に対し，

\[f(x)=\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}a_i\prod_{j=0}^{i-1}(x-p_j)\]

を満たす $a=(a_0,a_1,\dots,a_{n-1})$ を求める．p[n-1] は結果に影響しない．

• MonomialToNewtonBasis(f, p)：単項式基底で表された f を Newton 基底の係数列に変換する．$O(M(n)\log n)$ 時間．
• MonomialToFallingFactorialBasis(f)：下降階乗基底 $x^{\underline i}=x(x-1)\cdots(x-i+1)$ に変換する．

アルゴリズム

区間 $[l,r)$ に対応する多項式を，$m=(l+r)/2$ として

\[f(x)=f_0(x)+\left(\prod_{i=l}^{m-1}(x-p_i)\right)f_1(x)\]

と商と剰余に分解する．$f_0$ と $f_1$ に再帰し，得られた係数列を連結する．区間積は積木で求める．ここで $M(n)$ は次数 $n$ の多項式乗算の時間計算量を表す．

$p_i=i$ の場合は，第二種 Stirling 数 $S(k,i)$ を用いて

\[a_i=\sum_{k=i}^{n-1}[x^k]f(x)S(k,i)\]

と表し，$S(k,i)=\frac{k!}{i!}x^k^i$ に転置合成を適用する．任意 mod 畳み込みの場合は積木を用いる．MonomialToNewtonBasis(f, p) も $p_i=i$ を検出するとこの処理を行う．

Depends on

• fps/formal-power-series.hpp
• Power Projection (fps/power-projection.hpp)
• 階乗, 二項係数 (modint/factorial.hpp)

Verified with

• verify/fps/LC_conversion_from_monomial_basis_to_newton_basis.test.cpp

Code

#pragma once
#include "fps/formal-power-series.hpp"
#include "fps/power-projection.hpp"
#include "modint/factorial.hpp"

namespace monomial_to_newton_basis_internal {

template <class mint>
FormalPowerSeries<mint> BuildProductTree(vector<FormalPowerSeries<mint>>& prod, int k, int l, int r,
                                         const vector<mint>& p) {
  using fps = FormalPowerSeries<mint>;
  if (r - l == 1) return prod[k] = fps{-p[l], 1};
  int m = (l + r) / 2;
  return prod[k] = BuildProductTree(prod, k * 2, l, m, p) * BuildProductTree(prod, k * 2 + 1, m, r, p);
}

template <class mint>
void Convert(FormalPowerSeries<mint> f, const vector<FormalPowerSeries<mint>>& prod, int k, int l,
             int r, FormalPowerSeries<mint>& res) {
  if (r - l == 1) {
    res[l] = f.empty() ? mint(0) : f[0];
    return;
  }
  int m = (l + r) / 2;
  auto q = f / prod[k * 2];
  f -= q * prod[k * 2];
  f.shrink();
  Convert(std::move(f), prod, k * 2, l, m, res);
  Convert(std::move(q), prod, k * 2 + 1, m, r, res);
}

template <class mint>
FormalPowerSeries<mint> ConvertWithProductTree(FormalPowerSeries<mint> f, const vector<mint>& p) {
  using fps = FormalPowerSeries<mint>;
  int n = f.size();
  if (n == 0) return {};
  vector<fps> prod(4 * n);
  BuildProductTree(prod, 1, 0, n, p);
  fps res(n);
  Convert(std::move(f), prod, 1, 0, n, res);
  return res;
}

}  // namespace monomial_to_newton_basis_internal

template <class mint>
FormalPowerSeries<mint> MonomialToFallingFactorialBasis(FormalPowerSeries<mint> f) {
  using fps = FormalPowerSeries<mint>;
  using fact = Factorial<mint>;
  int n = f.size();
  if (n <= 1) return f;
  fps::set_ntt();
  if (fps::ntt_ptr == nullptr) {
    vector<mint> p(n);
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) p[i] = i;
    return monomial_to_newton_basis_internal::ConvertWithProductTree(std::move(f), p);
  }
  fps g(n);
  for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) g[i] = fact::fact_inv(i);
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) f[i] *= fact::fact(i);
  f = TransposedComposition(f, g, n);
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) f[i] *= fact::fact_inv(i);
  return f;
}

template <class mint>
FormalPowerSeries<mint> MonomialToNewtonBasis(FormalPowerSeries<mint> f, const vector<mint>& p) {
  using fps = FormalPowerSeries<mint>;
  assert(f.size() == p.size());
  int n = f.size();
  if (n == 0) return {};
  bool consecutive = true;
  for (int i = 0; i + 1 < n; i++) consecutive &= p[i] == mint(i);
  if (consecutive) return MonomialToFallingFactorialBasis(std::move(f));
  return monomial_to_newton_basis_internal::ConvertWithProductTree(std::move(f), p);
}

/**
 * @brief 単項式基底から Newton 基底への変換
 * @docs docs/fps/monomial-basis-to-newton-basis.md
 */

#line 2 "fps/formal-power-series.hpp"

template <class mint>
struct FormalPowerSeries : vector<mint> {
  using vector<mint>::vector;
  using FPS = FormalPowerSeries;
  FormalPowerSeries(const vector<mint>& r) : vector<mint>(r) {}
  FormalPowerSeries(vector<mint>&& r) : vector<mint>(std::move(r)) {}
  FPS& operator=(const vector<mint>& r) {
    vector<mint>::operator=(r);
    return *this;
  }
  FPS& operator+=(const FPS& r) {
    if (r.size() > this->size()) this->resize(r.size());
    for (int i = 0; i < (int)r.size(); i++) (*this)[i] += r[i];
    return *this;
  }
  FPS& operator+=(const mint& r) {
    if (this->empty()) this->resize(1);
    (*this)[0] += r;
    return *this;
  }
  FPS& operator-=(const FPS& r) {
    if (r.size() > this->size()) this->resize(r.size());
    for (int i = 0; i < (int)r.size(); i++) (*this)[i] -= r[i];
    return *this;
  }
  FPS& operator-=(const mint& r) {
    if (this->empty()) this->resize(1);
    (*this)[0] -= r;
    return *this;
  }
  FPS& operator*=(const mint& v) {
    for (int k = 0; k < (int)this->size(); k++) (*this)[k] *= v;
    return *this;
  }
  FPS& operator/=(const FPS& r) {
    if (this->size() < r.size()) {
      this->clear();
      return *this;
    }
    int n = this->size() - r.size() + 1;
    if ((int)r.size() <= 64) {
      FPS f(*this), g(r);
      g.shrink();
      mint coeff = g.at(g.size() - 1).inv();
      for (auto& x : g) x *= coeff;
      int deg = (int)f.size() - (int)g.size() + 1;
      int gs = g.size();
      FPS quo(deg);
      for (int i = deg - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
        quo[i] = f[i + gs - 1];
        for (int j = 0; j < gs; j++) f[i + j] -= quo[i] * g[j];
      }
      *this = quo * coeff;
      this->resize(n, mint(0));
      return *this;
    }
    return *this = ((*this).rev().pre(n) * r.rev().inv(n)).pre(n).rev();
  }
  FPS& operator%=(const FPS& r) {
    *this -= *this / r * r;
    shrink();
    return *this;
  }
  FPS operator+(const FPS& r) const { return FPS(*this) += r; }
  FPS operator+(const mint& v) const { return FPS(*this) += v; }
  FPS operator-(const FPS& r) const { return FPS(*this) -= r; }
  FPS operator-(const mint& v) const { return FPS(*this) -= v; }
  FPS operator*(const FPS& r) const { return FPS(*this) *= r; }
  FPS operator*(const mint& v) const { return FPS(*this) *= v; }
  FPS operator/(const FPS& r) const { return FPS(*this) /= r; }
  FPS operator%(const FPS& r) const { return FPS(*this) %= r; }
  FPS operator-() const {
    FPS ret(this->size());
    for (int i = 0; i < (int)this->size(); i++) ret[i] = -(*this)[i];
    return ret;
  }
  void shrink() {
    while (this->size() && this->back() == mint(0)) this->pop_back();
  }
  FPS rev() const {
    FPS ret(*this);
    reverse(begin(ret), end(ret));
    return ret;
  }
  FPS dot(FPS r) const {
    FPS ret(min(this->size(), r.size()));
    for (int i = 0; i < (int)ret.size(); i++) ret[i] = (*this)[i] * r[i];
    return ret;
  }
  FPS pre(int sz) const {
    return FPS(begin(*this), begin(*this) + min((int)this->size(), sz));
  }
  FPS operator>>=(int sz) {
    assert(sz >= 0);
    if ((int)this->size() <= sz)
      this->clear();
    else
      this->erase(this->begin(), this->begin() + sz);
    return *this;
  }
  FPS operator>>(int sz) const {
    if ((int)this->size() <= sz) return {};
    FPS ret(*this);
    ret.erase(ret.begin(), ret.begin() + sz);
    return ret;
  }
  FPS operator<<=(int sz) {
    assert(sz >= 0);
    this->insert(this->begin(), sz, mint(0));
    return *this;
  }
  FPS operator<<(int sz) const {
    FPS ret(*this);
    ret.insert(ret.begin(), sz, mint(0));
    return ret;
  }
  FPS diff() const {
    const int n = (int)this->size();
    FPS ret(max(0, n - 1));
    mint one(1), coeff(1);
    for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
      ret[i - 1] = (*this)[i] * coeff;
      coeff += one;
    }
    return ret;
  }
  FPS integral() const {
    const int n = (int)this->size();
    FPS ret(n + 1);
    ret[0] = mint(0);
    if (n > 0) ret[1] = mint(1);
    auto mod = mint::get_mod();
    for (int i = 2; i <= n; i++) ret[i] = (-ret[mod % i]) * (mod / i);
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) ret[i + 1] *= (*this)[i];
    return ret;
  }
  mint eval(mint x) const {
    mint r = 0, w = 1;
    for (auto& v : *this) r += w * v, w *= x;
    return r;
  }
  FPS log(int deg = -1) const {
    assert((*this)[0] == mint(1));
    if (deg == -1) deg = (int)this->size();
    return (this->diff() * this->inv(deg)).pre(deg - 1).integral();
  }
  FPS pow(int64_t k, int deg = -1) const {
    const int n = (int)this->size();
    if (deg == -1) deg = n;
    if (k == 0) {
      FPS ret(deg);
      if (deg) ret[0] = 1;
      return ret;
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
      if ((*this)[i] != mint(0)) {
        mint rev = mint(1) / (*this)[i];
        FPS ret = (((*this * rev) >> i).log(deg) * k).exp(deg);
        ret *= (*this)[i].pow(k);
        ret = (ret << (i * k)).pre(deg);
        if ((int)ret.size() < deg) ret.resize(deg, mint(0));
        return ret;
      }
      if (__int128_t(i + 1) * k >= deg) return FPS(deg, mint(0));
    }
    return FPS(deg, mint(0));
  }

  static void* ntt_ptr;
  static void set_ntt();
  FPS& operator*=(const FPS& r);
  FPS middle_product(const FPS& r) const;
  void ntt();
  void intt();
  void ntt_doubling();
  static int ntt_root();
  FPS inv(int deg = -1) const;
  FPS exp(int deg = -1) const;
};
template <typename mint>
void* FormalPowerSeries<mint>::ntt_ptr = nullptr;
#line 2 "modint/factorial.hpp"

template <class mint>
struct Factorial {
  static void reserve(int n) {
    inv(n);
    fact(n);
    fact_inv(n);
  }
  static mint inv(int n) {
    static long long mod = mint::get_mod();
    static vector<mint> buf({0, 1});
    assert(n != 0);
    if (mod != mint::get_mod()) {
      mod = mint::get_mod();
      buf = vector<mint>({0, 1});
    }
    while ((int)buf.capacity() <= n) buf.reserve(buf.capacity() * 2);
    while ((int)buf.size() <= n) {
      long long k = buf.size(), q = (mod + k - 1) / k;
      buf.push_back(q * buf[k * q - mod]);
    }
    return buf[n];
  }
  static mint fact(int n) {
    static long long mod = mint::get_mod();
    static vector<mint> buf({1, 1});
    assert(n >= 0);
    if (mod != mint::get_mod()) {
      mod = mint::get_mod();
      buf = vector<mint>({1, 1});
    }
    while ((int)buf.capacity() <= n) buf.reserve(buf.capacity() * 2);
    while ((int)buf.size() <= n) {
      long long k = buf.size();
      buf.push_back(buf.back() * k);
    }
    return buf[n];
  }
  static mint fact_inv(int n) {
    static long long mod = mint::get_mod();
    static vector<mint> buf({1, 1});
    assert(n >= 0);
    if (mod != mint::get_mod()) {
      mod = mint::get_mod();
      buf = vector<mint>({1, 1});
    }
    if ((int)buf.size() <= n) inv(n);
    while ((int)buf.capacity() <= n) buf.reserve(buf.capacity() * 2);
    while ((int)buf.size() <= n) {
      long long k = buf.size();
      buf.push_back(buf.back() * inv(k));
    }
    return buf[n];
  }
  static mint binom(int n, int r) {
    if (r < 0 || r > n) return 0;
    return fact(n) * fact_inv(r) * fact_inv(n - r);
  }
  static mint binom_naive(int n, int r) {
    if (r < 0 || r > n) return 0;
    mint res = fact_inv(r);
    for (int i = 0; i < r; i++) res *= n - i;
    return res;
  }
  static mint multinom(const vector<int>& r) {
    int n = 0;
    for (auto& x : r) {
      if (x < 0) return 0;
      n += x;
    }
    mint res = fact(n);
    for (auto& x : r) res *= fact_inv(x);
    return res;
  }
  static mint P(int n, int r) {
    if (r < 0 || r > n) return 0;
    return fact(n) * fact_inv(n - r);
  }
  // partition n items to r groups (allow empty group)
  static mint H(int n, int r) {
    if (n < 0 || r < 0) return 0;
    return r == 0 ? 1 : binom(n + r - 1, r);
  }
};
/**
 * @brief 階乗, 二項係数
 */
#line 4 "fps/power-projection.hpp"

// transpose of composition
// [x^0]f(x^{-1})g(x)^i, i=0,...,n-1
// O(n(log n)^2)
template <class mint>
FormalPowerSeries<mint> TransposedComposition(FormalPowerSeries<mint> f, FormalPowerSeries<mint> g, int n) {
  if (g[0] != 0) {
    mint c = g[0];
    g[0] = 0;
    auto h1 = TransposedComposition(f, g, n);
    using fact = Factorial<mint>;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) h1[i] *= fact::fact_inv(i);
    FormalPowerSeries<mint> h2(n);
    h2[0] = 1;
    for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) h2[i] = h2[i - 1] * c;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) h2[i] *= fact::fact_inv(i);
    h1 *= h2;
    h1.resize(n);
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) h1[i] *= fact::fact(i);
    return h1;
  }

  int k = 1;
  while (k < f.size() || k < n) k <<= 1;
  int l = 1, m = 2 * k * l;
  FormalPowerSeries<mint> P(m), Q(m);
  for (int i = 0; i < f.size(); i++) P[k - 1 - i] = f[i];
  for (int i = 0; i < g.size() && i < k; i++) Q[i] = -g[i];
  int log = __builtin_ctz((unsigned int)m);
  mint wi = mint(FormalPowerSeries<mint>::ntt_root()).inv().pow((mint::get_mod() - 1) >> (log + 1));
  vector<int> rev(m);
  for (int i = 0; i < rev.size(); i++) rev[i] = (rev[i / 2] / 2) | ((i & 1) << (log - 1));
  vector<mint> pow(m, 1);
  for (int i = 1; i < m; i++) pow[rev[i]] = pow[rev[i - 1]] * wi;
  mint inv2 = mint(2).inv();

  while (k > 1) {
    P.resize(2 * m), P.ntt();
    Q.resize(2 * m), Q.ntt();
    for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
      mint b = (i >> (log - 1)) == 0 ? 1 : -1;
      int j = i << 1;
      P[i] = pow[i] * (P[j] * (Q[j ^ 1] + b) - P[j ^ 1] * (Q[j] + b)) * inv2;
      Q[i] = Q[j] * Q[j ^ 1] + (Q[j] + Q[j ^ 1]) * b;
    }
    P.resize(m), P.intt();
    Q.resize(m), Q.intt();
    k >>= 1, l <<= 1;
    for (int i = k; i < k * 2; i++)
      for (int j = 0; j < l; j++) {
        P[i + j * k * 2] = 0;
        Q[i + j * k * 2] = 0;
      }
  }
  FormalPowerSeries<mint> P1(n);
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) P1[i] = P[(l - 1 - i) * 2];
  return P1;
}

// [x^k]f(x)g(x)^0,...,f(x)g(x)^(n-1)
// O((n+k)log^2(n+k))
template <class mint>
vector<mint> PowerProjection(FormalPowerSeries<mint> f, FormalPowerSeries<mint> g, int k, int n) {
  assert(n >= 0 && k >= 0);
  if (n == 0) return {};
  f.resize(k + 1);
  reverse(f.begin(), f.end());
  return TransposedComposition(f, g, n);
}
/**
 * @brief Power Projection
 * @docs docs/fps/power-projection.md
 */
#line 5 "fps/monomial-basis-to-newton-basis.hpp"

namespace monomial_to_newton_basis_internal {

template <class mint>
FormalPowerSeries<mint> BuildProductTree(vector<FormalPowerSeries<mint>>& prod, int k, int l, int r,
                                         const vector<mint>& p) {
  using fps = FormalPowerSeries<mint>;
  if (r - l == 1) return prod[k] = fps{-p[l], 1};
  int m = (l + r) / 2;
  return prod[k] = BuildProductTree(prod, k * 2, l, m, p) * BuildProductTree(prod, k * 2 + 1, m, r, p);
}

template <class mint>
void Convert(FormalPowerSeries<mint> f, const vector<FormalPowerSeries<mint>>& prod, int k, int l,
             int r, FormalPowerSeries<mint>& res) {
  if (r - l == 1) {
    res[l] = f.empty() ? mint(0) : f[0];
    return;
  }
  int m = (l + r) / 2;
  auto q = f / prod[k * 2];
  f -= q * prod[k * 2];
  f.shrink();
  Convert(std::move(f), prod, k * 2, l, m, res);
  Convert(std::move(q), prod, k * 2 + 1, m, r, res);
}

template <class mint>
FormalPowerSeries<mint> ConvertWithProductTree(FormalPowerSeries<mint> f, const vector<mint>& p) {
  using fps = FormalPowerSeries<mint>;
  int n = f.size();
  if (n == 0) return {};
  vector<fps> prod(4 * n);
  BuildProductTree(prod, 1, 0, n, p);
  fps res(n);
  Convert(std::move(f), prod, 1, 0, n, res);
  return res;
}

}  // namespace monomial_to_newton_basis_internal

template <class mint>
FormalPowerSeries<mint> MonomialToFallingFactorialBasis(FormalPowerSeries<mint> f) {
  using fps = FormalPowerSeries<mint>;
  using fact = Factorial<mint>;
  int n = f.size();
  if (n <= 1) return f;
  fps::set_ntt();
  if (fps::ntt_ptr == nullptr) {
    vector<mint> p(n);
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) p[i] = i;
    return monomial_to_newton_basis_internal::ConvertWithProductTree(std::move(f), p);
  }
  fps g(n);
  for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) g[i] = fact::fact_inv(i);
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) f[i] *= fact::fact(i);
  f = TransposedComposition(f, g, n);
  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) f[i] *= fact::fact_inv(i);
  return f;
}

template <class mint>
FormalPowerSeries<mint> MonomialToNewtonBasis(FormalPowerSeries<mint> f, const vector<mint>& p) {
  using fps = FormalPowerSeries<mint>;
  assert(f.size() == p.size());
  int n = f.size();
  if (n == 0) return {};
  bool consecutive = true;
  for (int i = 0; i + 1 < n; i++) consecutive &= p[i] == mint(i);
  if (consecutive) return MonomialToFallingFactorialBasis(std::move(f));
  return monomial_to_newton_basis_internal::ConvertWithProductTree(std::move(f), p);
}

/**
 * @brief 単項式基底から Newton 基底への変換
 * @docs docs/fps/monomial-basis-to-newton-basis.md
 */

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